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What I Learned Section 1 -- Answer the
Following Questions: The main overland trade route from Europe to Asia went through Constantinople. In 1453, the Ottoman captured Constantinople and closed the trade route. The Europeans had to find a new route if they were to continue trading with Asia. In 1499, Vasco da Gama discovered a new trade route around the tip of Africa. This and other trade routes around Africa were opened. However, they were controlled by Spain and Portugal. England and other European countries looked to the northern seas to find a trade route to Asia. John Davis made three voyages between Greenland and Canada. Although Davis never found a passage, he made important discoveries to help sailors who followed him. Some historians believe Henry Hudson was a member of Davis' crew on one of his voyages. 2. What year was Henry
Hudson born? Later, Hudson married a woman named Katherine. They had three sons. One of his sons, John Hudson, served on all of Henry Hudson's voyages. 3. What year did Henry
Hudson make his first voyage? Hudson's voyage was sponsored by the Muscovy Company. His ship was called the Hopewell. The Hopewell was a bark which is a small, wooden ship with three masts. In 1607, the ship was three years old and had sailed six other voyages. The sailors slept in cramped quarters aboard the Hopewell. They had to supply all their food and drinking water for their voyage. The food could spoil, and the water might be covered by a film of scum. On April 23, 1607, the Hopewell set sail from London. This was Hudson's first voyage of discovery. Bad weather delayed the voyage for about a week. On May 1, Hudson and his crew were again on their way towards Greenland. No one had explored the east coast of Greenland, and Hudson wanted to map it. The sailing conditions were difficult. The fog was thick, the wind picked up, and the sails and ropes froze. When the weather cleared, Hudson sailed toward Spitsbergen, a group of islands well north of the Arctic Circle. Spitsbergen was so remote Dutch sailors had just discovered it eleven years earlier (in 1596). By the end of June, 1607, Hudson reached Spitsbergen. By the middle of July, 1607, Hudson reached the northern tip of Spitsbergen. They were just 577 miles from the North Pole. Did you know Hudson was the first person to ever sail that far north? However, he could not go any farther because his route was blocked by ice. On July, 16, Hudson wrote, "there is no passage by this way." Eleven days later the Hopewell almost collided with an iceberg. Hudson turned back home. By the middle of September, 1607, the Hopewell was back in London. The crew had been at sea for four months. Although Hudson knew there was no passage to Asia through the North Pole, he continued to look for other water passages to the East. 4. What year did Henry
Hudson make his second voyage? Hudson added extra planks to the Hopewell to better withstand the icy waters. He also hired a larger crew of fifteen people. Almost immediately, the Hopewell encountered floating ice. Many of the crew became sick because of the damp and cold weather. As the voyage headed farther northeast, the Hopewell encountered more ice fields. The ice grew thicker as they neared the islands of Novaya Zemlya, off the coast of Russia. Hudson intended to sail north around Novaya Zemlya because he believed a sea on the other side would lead him to the Pacific Ocean. However, the heavy ice prevented them from sailing north. Did you know Novaya Zemlya means "new land" in Russian? On July 2, 1608, Hudson decided to get to the other side of the largest island by sailing through it. He thought he saw a "fair river" running through the island. As the Hopewell started into the river, the ice began floating towards the ship. The crew had to push the Hopewell to safety. As it turned out, the river did not cut through the island. It only led to a landlocked bay. After two months, Hudson decided he could not find a water passage along the coast of Russia, and he turned the Hopewell around. Hudson did not go back to London. He continued to look for a passage to Asia. This time he sailed west into the Atlantic Ocean and toward North America. They crew became angry when they realized they were not headed back to London. Some historians believe the crew turned against Hudson and forced him to return home. By the end of August, 1608, the Hopewell was back in England. 5. What year did Henry
Hudson make his third voyage? On January 8, 1609, the Dutch East India Company agreed to pay Hudson to look for a passage to Asia with one condition. The charter stated, Hudson was "to think of discovering no other route or passage, except the route around the north or northeast above Novaya Zembla." This meant Hudson was supposed to find a passage along the northern coast of Russia. This was the same route he had attempted on his previous voyage. Hudson, on the other hand, wanted to explore the interior of North America. Hudson, however, agreed to look for a route around Russia. Hudson was given a small, aging ship called the Half Moon. The ship would be difficult to handle in bad weather. The crew was made up of English and Dutch sailors. This was also difficult because Hudson did not speak Dutch. On April 6, 1609, Hudson set sail from Amsterdam. The cold weather and rough seas was difficult for the crew. Hudson used this opportunity to change the goal of the trip. Instead of sailing through the cold and icy waters, Hudson wanted to sail to North America. The crew agreed thinking it would be warmer. Hudson ignored the charter and headed to North America. By July, 1609, the Half Moon was off the coast of Canada, and on July 18, the crew went ashore at Penobscot Bay, in present-day Maine. They spent a week at Penobscot Bay, making repairs to the mast of the Half Moon and catching lobsters. Hudson headed towards Virginia. Through late July and into August, 1609, he looked for a strait leading to the Pacific Ocean. This was the same water passage the Lewis and Clark Exploration was looking for in 1804. 6. On September 3, 1609,
Henry Hudson discovered a river in North America. The local Indians
called it Muhheakunnuk, meaning "great waters constantly in motion."
Hudson later called it the "River of Mountains." Today, what is
this river called? Hudson went ashore and met Lenape Indians. The Lenape lived along the Atlantic coast of what is now New Jersey. They gave Hudson his first taste of American corn. Hudson traded beads and knives for Indian tobacco. Hudson continued upriver. A week later, he was in view of the Catskill Mountains. The crew went ashore and met with a Mahican chief. Hudson wrote the Mahicans were "a very good people." As Hudson sailed north on the river, it became more shallow. Hudson realized this river would not lead to the Pacific Ocean. He turned the Half Moon around near present-day Albany, New York. On this trip up the river, Hudson encountered a few conflicts with some of the Indians. On October 4, 1609, the Half Moon sailed out of the Hudson River and into the Atlantic Ocean. Winter was approaching so Hudson returned to Europe. He was concerned how the Dutch company would react when they heard Hudson had explored North America rather than following the charter. Instead of sailing to Holland, Hudson landed in Dartmouth, England, on November 7, 1609. The English authorities held him in custody for sailing under the Dutch flag, forbade him from working for a foreign company, and told him not to leave England. 7. What year did Henry
Hudson make his forth voyage? The goal of Hudson's forth voyage was to look for a route to Asia in the waters of North America. On April 17, 1610, the Discovery set sail from England. It was the last time Hudson would see England. Less than one month into the voyage, the Discovery was stalled near Iceland due to rough water, and the crew began to fight. By the end of June, 1610, Hudson reached a body of water in North America called the Furious Overfall. It had been discovered by explorer John Davis in 1587, and Davis gave it its name because of the rushing torrents of water. Today, it is called Hudson's Strait. Hudson and the Discovery took shelter in a bay. The crew wanted to return home. Hudson told them they had traveled hundreds of miles farther than any other Englishmen, and the crew reluctantly agreed to continue. On August 2, 1610, the Discovery entered what today is known as Hudson Bay. Hudson thought he had found the water passage to Asia. By the end of October, 1610, the Discovery was trapped by ice at the southern tip of the bay. As winter approached, the crew's condition worsened. Men were sick and cold. Food was scarce. Somehow, they made it through the winter. By May, 1611, the ice began to break up. By June, 1611, the crew was ready to leave. Trouble broke out between Hudson and his crew. On June 22, the crew began to mutiny. The crew put Hudson, his son, and seven other sick sailors in a small boat. The mutineers cut the small boat free, and the Discovery sailed away. Hudson was never seen again. What I Learned Section 2 -- Define the
following words: Floe: A flat mass of ice formed on the surface of a body of water Mast: A tall pole supporting the sails rising from the deck of a ship Navigable: Deep or wide enough to provide passage for vessels Rigging: The ropes and chains holding and moving the masts, sails, and spars of a ship Strait: A narrow passage of water connecting two large bodies of water Bonus Questions (Answer 1 of the
Following Questions for Your FREE
Bookmark): Hudson's achievements are remarkable. He mapped much of the icy Arctic waters. His efforts laid the foundation for future exploration. His third voyage led to the Dutch colonization of the Hudson River valley. His final voyage laid the basis for English claims in Canada. b. Describe ONE of Henry
Hudson's Ships:
c. Describe ONE of the
following people:
d. Define ONE of the
following terms: e. Make a Henry Hudson
Timeline. April 23, 1607: Hudson leaves London as captain of the Hopewell on his first voyage of discovery. April 22, 1608: Hudson leaves on second voyage on board the Hopewell. April 6, 1609: Half Moon sets sail. July 18, 1609: Hudson goes ashore in what is now Maine. September 3, 1609: Hudson sails up what will become known as the Hudson River. November 7, 1609: Half Moon returns to Dartmouth, England. April 17, 1610: Discovery departs for North America. August 2, 1610: Hudson comes to what is now Hudson Bay. November, 1610 - May, 1611: Hudson and crew winter on the southern shore of Hudson Bay. June 22, 1611: Members of Hudson's crew mutiny and abandon him at sea. f. Use five of the words
in Section 2 in a sentence.
g. Have a parent or friend give you a spelling test with EACH of the words in Section 2. More Valuable Information about Henry
Hudson:
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Henry Hudson (Watts Library)
Hopewell: A bark or small, wooden ship with three masts.
It was Henry Hudson's ship for his first voyage which left London
on April 23, 1607. At the time, it was three years old and had
sailed six other voyages. Hudson sailed this ship again in 1608.
This ship was supplied to him by the Muscovy Company.
